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 Horse Cough Remedy
Catálogo en español
Indications:
For Horses ZEV aids in the temporary relief of coughs associated with minor
upperSaturate dry, affected area. or mild bronchial irritations. It can also be used as an appetizer and tonic
conditioner or for the temporary relief of nasal congestion.
For Dogs: ZEV can be used as an appetizer and tonic conditioner. It can also be used for the temporary relief of coughs associated with minor upper
respiratory tract problems or mild bronchial irritations.
Directions
for Use:
Shake well before use.
Horses:
For the temporary relief of coughs
associated with minor upperSaturate dry, affected area.
or mild bronchial irritations mix 45 to 60 ml (3 to
4 tablespoons) of liquid ZEV with equal parts of honey,
molasses or corn syrup. Place well back on tongue. Administer
two to three times daily for 48 hours or as directed
by a veterinarian. As
an appetizer and tonic conditioner mix 15 to 30 ml (1
to 2 tablespoons) of liquid ZEV with feed until animal
is healthy. To ensure continued health, repeat twice
weekly. For the temporary
relief of nasal congestion add 60 ml (4 tablespoons)
of liquid ZEV to approximately 10 Litres of boiling
water and place where the animal can breathe vapour
freely.
Dogs:
As an appetizer and tonic conditioner
mix liquid ZEV with equal parts of honey, molasses or
corn syrup. Add this mixture, as indicated below, to
feed twice daily until condition improves. As
a temporary relief of coughs associated with upper respiratory
tract problems or mild bronchial irritations mix liquid
ZEV with equal parts of honey, molasses or corn syrup.
Administer this mixture, as indicated below, 3 to 4
times daily for 48 hours or as directed by a veterinarian.
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Dominion Veterinary Laboratories guarantees you quality products. For instance, horse medicine, horse supplies, horse drugs, horse medications, horse liniment, horse products, horse supply, horse supplements, cattle supplies, livestock supplies, cattle medicine, cattle prod, cattle feed, and cow supplies.
Horse supplies- Horses that are not on grain diet tie up because they are hypersensitive to lactic acid or because their particular metabolism does not cope with it efficiently. SIGNS These can vary widely. In mild cases, during or after exercise, the horse steps short in the hindlimbs, giving the appearance of stiffness. In severe cases, the horse will show stiffness, pain, sweating and muscle tremor. The stiffness, involving both the hindlimbs and the frontlimbs, may progress to the point at which the horse cannot move and may lie down. The affected muscles are very hard to the touch, indicating cramp, and the urine may vary in color from dark brown to reddish black, according to the severity of the condition. TREATMENT Call your veterinarian, who can confirm the condition not only by its history and clinical signs but also by taking a blood count and by doing certain serum enzyme tests. Stop exercising the horse when you notice that it is tying-up. In all cases except severe ones, walk the horse for thirty minutes. If it appears no better, call your veterinarian. Walking aids in the circulation of blood to the muscles with consequent removal of lactic acid, thus helping to prevent severe cramping. Keep the horse warm by seeing that it is well rugged. Tempt it with fluids containing electrolytes, which, if drunk in any quantity, will help to flush out the kidneys. With the aid of information gained form a blood count, the veterinarian can administer a muscle relaxant, diuretics, tranquillizers and anti-inflammatory agents if required, as well as specially prepared fluids and electrolytes by stomach tube or intravenous methods. All grain should be eliminated from the diet and the horse should be offered a bran mash as a mild laxative. Horses susceptible to frequent tying-up should have a low-level grain diet. Normally the grain level in the diet should be in proportion to the amount of work done. For example, if any one week a horse works for six days, followed by a day off, reduce the quantity of grain in the feed for that day. Recovery can take place within hours, though in severe cases it may take weeks. Exercise the horse every day, even if it is just walking exercise and consult your veterinarian about the regular use of a particular vitamin supplement as a preventive measure. Degenerative Joint Disease, commonly known as bone spavin, is a bony swelling onnthe lower, inner side of the hock, caused by arthritis of the bones in the area. Some horses with an obvious bone spavin show little or no signs of lameness; others may be very lame but with no signs of swelling. Horses with bone spavin may still be useful, but fluctuating lameness may recur at varying intervals. When a horse is viewed from behind, a line should bisect the gaskin, hock, cannon, fetlock, pastern and foot. If the horse's hocks turn inward, the horse is considered cow-hocked. When the legs are viewed from the side, a straight line drawn downward from the back of the buttock should touch the back of the hock, cannon and fetlock. If the horse has too much angle in the hocks, then it is considered to be sickle-hocked. If the leg is forward of this line and too straight, the horse is considered post-legged. CAUSES In many cases, bone spavin is due to poor conformation, such as sickle and cow hocks. Despite what many people think, the condition is not hereditary. What is inherited is the poor conformation. Bone spavins, bogs, thoroughpins and weakness are common among sickle-hocked horses. The condition can also be caused by stress and strain being placed on the hock because of participation in such activities as polo, calf roping and racing, especially by young horses. SIGNS These include a hard, bony enlargement that can be felt and seen in the lower and inner side of the hock. Lameness is evident when the horse is cold but often disappears as it warms up with exercise, although in some cases the lameness may worsen. The lameness is characterized by reduced flexion of the hock and a shortening of the stride in the affected leg. TREATMENT Accurate diagnosis is important to determine the severity of the condition, and this in turn will determine the type of treatment. The diagnosis can only be made by your veterinary surgeon with the aid of X-rays. Your veterinarian may advise any one of a number of treatments or a combination of them, if necessary. These treatments include rest in a spelling paddock for a minimum of six weeks and corrective trimming and shoeing. In the latter treatment, the toe of the foot should be rasped square and a shoe with a raised heel and a rolled square toe should be fitted. This causes the leg to move in a straight line rather than deviating outwards, thus alleviating strain on the inside of the hock. Other treatments are radiation, anti-inflammatory drugs, pin firing and surgery to sever a section of the tendon that runs over the spavin. The little yellowish dots on your horse's lips and front legs appear harmless at first, but several months from now those bot fly eggs will have developed into larvae in your horse's stomach. Your horse is sure to be infested with bots unless your area is entirely free of flies. Bots are the larvae of the Gasterophilus fly. Since these flies can't live through the cold months of winter, they have developed a unique method of ensuring the survival of future generations. The small, yellowish flies (which look a little like bees) live only for a week or so as adults, spending most of their lives as immature bots in the horse's stomach. Bot flies start laying their eggs in the spring and summer, with a peak egg-laying period in the fall. The season can extend almost year-round in warmer climates. The eggs hatch when the horse rubs or licks his legs with his lips or tongue. Tiny immature larvae latch onto the horse's mouth and burrow into the tissues. A large infestation may cause tenderness and ulcers throughout your horse's mouth. The larvae spend a month or two maturing in the tongue before they emerge and are swallowed. Over the next several weeks, they grow and develop into stomach bots. Bots create deep pits in the stomach wall producing ulcers. severe cases may cause perforation of the stomach or blockage of its outflow into the small intestine. Bots can live attached to the stomach wall for up to a year before finally release their hold and are expelled in the manure. They spend another month or two on the ground and then hatch into adult bot flies. There is no simple way to diagnose bot infestation. You can assume that horses with eggs on their legs and face are infested with bots. A bot treatment has traditionally been recommended after the first killing frost each year, when all adult flies have died. While this advice is well taken, you are leaving your horse open to infestation the rest of the year if you don't treat more often. Bot flies begin to deposit their eggs in early spring. Studies show that the highest average number of bot larvae per infected stomach occurred in the winter and spring with about 44-94 percent infection rate. If you don't use a boticide (bot treatment) until November, you're leaving bots in your horse's stomach all summer long. Treatments in spring, summer , and fall are a good idea. The organophosphates and invermectin kill both bots at the tongue-migrating stage and bots in the stomach. Fly control is as important as regular bot treatments. Since fecal piles of the horse are used as the mating site for the newly hatched flies, regular manure cleanup will keep any hatching bot flies away from your horse. Remember to shave the eggs of your horse's hair after your last bot treatment in the fall. Several products provide feed-through fly control. These products contain low levels of organophosphates, which remove the bots from the horse's stomach. The drug persists in the manure, killing the larvae of flies that lay eggs in compost. The low levels of drug in feed-through products may not be enough to remove all the bots from your horse. If you're using a feed-through products regularly, be aware that you may overdose your horse by deworming him with organophosphates paste or tube product. Also be sure you're environmentally responsible in the disposal of manure that contains chemicals. You should not take bot infestation lightly. There has been reported a case of septic peritonitis due to bot infestation. The larva was embedded deep in the horse's colon which eventually caused perforation of the colon and leakage of intestinal content into the gut. The horse developed acute colic and fever and was euthanatized. Botulism is caused by the toxin Clostridium botulinum. Horses are among the most susceptible species. The toxin may be produced in food, such as silage or vaccum-packed moist hay, which has been contaminated by decaying matter containing the organism. Also known as "Shaker foal" disease, the toxicoinfectious form of botulism affects foals, with the highest incidence in the United States seen in Kentucky and the mid-Atlantic region. Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming anaerobic bacterium which reproduces in decaying animal or plant matter. Under favorable conditions of warmth and humidity spores multiply and produce a highly lethal toxin. There are at least 7 different toxin types. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by spore-forming anaerobic Clostridium botulinum, are the most toxic substances known. Ingestion of preformed toxin is the major route of infection in adults. SIGNS The rapidity of onset, i addition to severity of clinical signs, is toxin dose related. Affected foals are usually less than 8 months and often less than 2 months old. Signs include impaired sucking, inability to swallow, decreased eyelid and tail tone and dilated pupils. There is progressive muscular weakness and tremors, leading to collapse and inability to rise. Muscle tremors over the shoulders and flanks are evident. Saliva drools from the mouth. The gait is weak, shuffling and unsteady. Death results from respiratory paralysis within 24 to 72 hours of the onset of clinical signs. TREATMENT Equine antitoxin (pentavalent vaccine against A-E toxin types) can only target the toxins at extracellular level, and can not reverse the paralysis caused by botulism. Intensive care is often difficult to provide and always expensive in the face of a guarded to poor prognosis. Treatment often is unrewarding unless a case is identified early and the proper antitoxin is readily available. PREVENTION Prevention involves common sense approaches to feeding and care of the horse and, where possible, judicious use of vaccination in endemic areas. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), also known as heaves, broken wind, alveolar emphysema and equine asthma, is a chronic respiratory condition caused by development of a narrow airway in the horse's lungs. It is caused by an allergic reaction to fungal infections. The condition is mostly seen in stabled horses and is associated with a dusty atmosphere and mold in hay and straw. Micropolyspora faeni (which causes farmer's lung in man and cattle) and Aspergillus fumigatus fungus appear to be the cause of COPD in most cases. Symptoms--The disease affects horses of two years old and above, becoming more common as horses get older. Early signs may include mild cough, slight increase in respiratory rate and effort, thick yellow mucous. heaves-affected horses have normal temperature and appetite. An affected horse may show signs as rapidly as one hour after exposure, with the horse becoming increasingly breathless. Removal of the offending material allows most cases to improve gradually over a few days. The allergic reaction brings about serious changes in the lungs. These include inflammation of the very small airways, production of excessive, thick mucous and spasm of the airways which may result in their complete collapse. This makes exhalation difficult and an increased volume of air is retained in the lungs which have an overinflated appearance. The changes in the lungs are reversible with a proper care, but once a horse becomes affected with heaves, it remains hypersensitive for many years if not for life. Treatment and Prevention--The most important thing in treating heaves-affected horse is to provide minimum-dust environment together with medical therapy, if necessary. Use substitues for hay and straw. Bedding should be changed on a daily basis. The stable should be at least at least 70 yards to the windward side of the hay store, according to the direction of the prevailing wind. Dust should be removed from the stables on a regular basis. The alternative method of environmental control is to keep COPD-affected horses at grass. No supplementary hay should be fed and grazing areas should not be near to hay or straw stores. Any supplementary feeding should be in the form of a cubed diet, as even good-quality hay and straw .
Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs and confirmed on bacteriological culture, since the presence of swollen lymph nodes under the jaw can indicate many other respiratory diseases (EHV-1 infection etc.) Recent findings suggest that S. equi meningoencephalomyelitis should be considered for foals with neurologic signs that have a history of strangles or exposure to affected horses. Treatment--The nostrils should be cleaned, hot pads applied to the swelling, and soft, easily swallowed feed provided. Strict hygienic measures should be observed as the organism can be transmitted on hands and clothes. Treatment of choice is administration of potassium penicillin and fluids. Antibiotics are used in severe cases, particularly when the infection spreads to lungs and abdomen. Prevention is possible. In a closed herd situation, new arrivals should be isolated for 2 weeks. Since the organism can be shed from draining abcesses for up to 4 weeks and can remain viable for another month or longer, affected horses should be isolated. In-contact animals should be quarantined and observed for signs. However, current antibiotic therapy is often ineffective and thus recent attention has focused on vaccine development. Traditional stringhalt is a poorly understood condition in which the horse hyperflexes one or both hocks. It usually occurs in adult horses, is gradual in onset, and be slowly progressive. The majority of horses recover completely, but a few deteriorate progressively. The condition may be caused by ingestion of a plant toxin. Signs The horse exaggeratedly flexes one or both hind limbs when in motion. The abnormality is sometimes evident at all paces, but it is usually most apparent at walk, especially if the horse is turned or backed, and may disappear at trot. The condition may be intermittent and remain static or deteriorate. Treatment Most often, the cause of the condition is unknown. Some horses are successfully treated by the removal of a piece of the lateral digital extensor tendon at the level of the hock. Prognosis Unless the gait abnormality is extremely severe, affected horses are usually able to perform adequately, including jumping, but are unsuitable fro dressage. A guarded to fair prognosis is warranted after surgery. Some horses improve initially but subsequently relapse. Sometimes stringhalt may develop a complication following trauma to the dorsal metatarsal region. Potential causes include tendon injury that result in abnormal flexion of the tarsocrural joint. Horses may develop stringhalt within 3 months after injury. They can be treated with exercise, including daily hand-walking with pasture turnout, followed by lunging; or surgically, using lateral digital extensor myotenectomy. Of the horses treated with exercise, some may have resolution of stringhalt. Horses treated surgically have varying degrees of improvement, or no change. Strongyles are species of most damaging internal parasites. Strongyles, are divided into two groups, called the large strongyles and the small strongyles. The harmful effects of large strongyles are much greater than of the small ones. The larvae of large strongyles damage blood vessels, while the larvae of small strongyles remains in the wall of the gut. A horse gets infected by ingesting larvae present in grass and forage. Large Strongyles (Bloodworms). One of the three species, Strongyle vulgaris, is the most harmful because its larvae enter the arteries, creates blood clots which block small vessels. This destroys part of the blood supply to bowels and other digestive organs. The larvae live in the arteries for about 5 months, then return to the intestine and develop into adult worms, where they attach to the wall of the bowel. A heavy infection can cause severe anemia Small Strongyles. Small strongyles are the most common internal parasites in adult horses and occur frequently in foals. Larvae produce colic, bleeding and anemia, protein loss, and intestinal malabsorption. PREVENTION OF STRONGYLES. Control of strongyles is most important in all deworming programs. Since the arterial worms are not killed by most dewormers(except for ivermectin), it is extremely important to eliminate the larvae at early stages. An occasional treatment does not offer protection and will not prevent the potentially devastating consequences of these parasites. Most veterinary experts recommend the inclusion of ivermectin in all deworming programs. The summer pneumonia (rattles) usually affects foals aged 2 to 6 months. The respiratory problem is the most common disorder although there may be alimentary tract involvement. Abscesses form in the lungs accompanied by progressive signs of pneumonia. The disease is caused by Rhodococcus equi bacteria (previously known as Corynebacterium equi) that gains entry to the body through inhalation or ingestion. SIGNS Foals rarely show definitive signs until abscesses and bronchopneumonia are well established. Signs include rapid and labored breathing, cough, nasal discharge, a persistent, slightly elevated temperature, poor appetite and weight loss as the disease progresses. The prognosis may be grave in cases with multiple lung abscesses and particularly if the abdomen is involved. TREATMENT Rhodococcus equi is an intracellular organism which provokes an inflammatory reaction. Although the organism is sensitive to several antibiotics and a combination of them have proved successful in some cases, treatment is difficult. Affected foals need prolonged treatment because of the persistence of the bacteria within abscesses in the lung and because immunity to lung infection is poor, the disease tends to recur. The combination of erythromycin and rifampicin have improved the survival of foals infected with R. equi; however, erythromycin can cause adverse reactions in foals and mares, which has prompted the search for alternative therapies. PREVENTION Rhodococcus equi is a robust soil organism widespread in the environment. The organism will potentially multiply wherever there is horse manure. Because the organism reaches the lung by inhalation, dusty manure-contaminated environments (such as are commonly found in loafing paddocks on horse breeding farms in the summer) are potentially lethal sources of infection. It is also important to ensure that loafing paddocks are well grassed, and not totally grazed, reducing them to dusty sandpits..
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horse medicine, , horse supplies, horse drugs, horse medications, horse liniment, horse products, horse supply, horse supplements,cattle supplies, , livestock supplies, cattle medicine, cattle prod, cattle feed, cow supplies
Upper Respiratory Tract Abnormalities Laryngeal hemiplegia (LHP, also known as ‘Roarers’), Laryngopalatal dislocation (DDSP or Displaced soft palate), epiglottic entrapment (EE), abnormal alar folds (false nostril noise) and persistent lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) are the most common conditions causing dynamic upper respiratory tract obstruction resulting in poor performance in horses. Examination of the horseCareful examination of the horse’s upper respiratory tract by endoscopy, assessment of respiratory noise made by the horse, either by observation on the racetrack or treadmill, thorough questioning of the rider as to the sequence of either loss of performance or commencement of any respiratory noise, are all important for a full clinical assessment.Almost all yearlings scoped for yearling sales exhibit some lymphoid hyperplasia. Its persistence beyond the breaking in period, early training and early 2-year-old racing, affects the young horse and may lead to the further development of soft palate problems.False nostril noise is common and not considered significant unless associated with poor performance. Surgery is indicated if positive improvement occurs with false nostril tie back. Recently, the use of stick-on nose bands appears to alleviate this problem. Inspiratory noisesInspiratory noises are associated with mechanical or functional interference to the upper airway, for example chondritis (inflammatory changes to the throat cartilages), and narrowing of the larynx (LHP). ‘Whistling’ or ‘roaring’ noises are heard on inspiration only, during fast exercise. Surgery can improve these conditions. Expiratory noises Expiratory noises, or gurgling sounds, can be very inconsistent but are most frequently associated with entrapped epiglottis (EE) and laryngo-palatal dislocation (dorsal displacement of the soft palate or DDSP). These are difficult problems with subtle subclinical variations and evaluations should include the use of figure 8 head stall (drop over nose bands), tongue tie and careful assessment of noise character, and any changes of noise associated with changes in head carriage. Treadmill evaluation improves diagnostic assessment. Surgery is at best 50% successful. Most recent scientific research indicates that DDSP (soft palate problems) are related to inflammatory (infectious) changes within the inside walls of the guttural pouches. Surgical correction Surgical correction of LHP, DDSP and EE must initially be evaluated on the degree of noise, level of fatigue and poor performance, previous racing performance, the economic status of both horse and owner, and the presence of other factors, such as leg lameness. Other upper airway conditions Other less common conditions occur. Deviation of nasal septum is diagnosed on endoscopic examination; surgical correction often leaves high residual noise levels. Sub-epiglottic cysts, cleft palate, guttural pouch infection, hypoplastic epiglottis and arytenoid chondritis all reduce the horse’s ability to accommodate high rate airflow and therefore lower performance. Diagnosis of upper airway conditions The use of standard exercise testing by means of high-speed treadmills, simultaneous examination of dynamic airway function by endoscopic examination, as well as radiographic evaluation of the epiglottis, nasal passage and assessment of septal deviation are all becoming essential for the diagnosis of upper airway dysfunction. Toux remède de cheval
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Indications: Indications:
For Horses ZEV aids in the temporary relief of coughs associated with minor upperSaturate dry, affected area. or mild bronchial irritations. Pour les Chevaux ZEV aides dans le soulagement temporaire de la toux associée à quelques problèmes des voies respiratoires supérieures ou une légère irritation des bronches. It can also be used as an appetizer and tonic conditioner or for the temporary relief of nasal congestion. Il peut également être utilisé comme apéritif et tonique conditionneur ou pour le soulagement temporaire de la congestion nasale.
For Dogs: ZEV can be used as an appetizer and tonic conditioner. Pour Chiens: ZEV peut être utilisé comme un apéritif et tonique conditionné. It can also be used for the temporary relief of coughs associated with minor upperSaturate dry, affected area. or mild bronchial irritations. Il peut également être utilisé pour le soulagement temporaire de la toux associée à quelques problèmes des voies respiratoires supérieures ou une légère irritation des bronches.
Directions for Use: Conseils d'utilisation:
Shake well before use. Bien agiter avant utilisation.
Horses: For the temporary relief of coughs associated with minor upperSaturate dry, affected area. or mild bronchial irritations mix 45 to 60 ml (3 to 4 tablespoons) of liquid ZEV with equal parts of honey, molasses or corn syrup. Chevaux: Pour le soulagement temporaire de la toux associée à quelques problèmes des voies respiratoires supérieures ou des irritations bronchiques doux mélange de 45 à 60 ml (3 à 4 c. à soupe) de liquide ZEV parts égales avec du miel, la mélasse ou du sirop de glucose. Place well back on tongue. Placer le bien de retour sur la langue. Administer two to three times daily for 48 hours or as directed by a veterinarian. As an appetizer and tonic conditioner mix 15 to 30 ml (1 to 2 tablespoons) of liquid ZEV with feed until animal is healthy. Administrer deux à trois fois par jour pendant 48 heures ou selon les directives d'un vétérinaire. En apéritif et tonique conditionneur de mélanger 15 à 30 ml (1 à 2 c. à soupe) de liquide avec ZEV nourrir jusqu'au animal est en bonne santé. To ensure continued health, repeat twice weekly. For the temporary relief of nasal congestion add 60 ml (4 tablespoons) of liquid ZEV to approximately 10 Litres of boiling water and place where the animal can breathe vapour freely. Pour assurer la poursuite de la santé, de répéter deux fois par semaine. Pour le soulagement temporaire de la congestion nasale ajouter 60 ml (4 c. à soupe) de liquide ZEV à environ 10 litres d'eau bouillante et le lieu où l'animal peut respirer librement vapeur.
Dogs: As an appetizer and tonic conditioner mix liquid ZEV with equal parts of honey, molasses or corn syrup. Chiens: Pour l'apéritif et tonique mélange liquide conditionné ZEV parts égales avec du miel, la mélasse ou du sirop de glucose. Add this mixture, as indicated below, to feed twice daily until condition improves. As a temporary relief of coughs associated with upperSaturate dry, affected area. or mild bronchial irritations mix liquid ZEV with equal parts of honey, molasses or corn syrup. Ajouter ce mélange, comme indiqué ci-dessous, pour nourrir deux fois par jour jusqu'à ce que l'état s'améliore. Comme le soulagement temporaire de la toux associée à des problèmes des voies respiratoires supérieures ou de légères irritations bronchiques mélange liquide ZEV parts égales avec du miel, la mélasse ou du sirop de glucose. Administer this mixture, as indicated below, 3 to 4 times daily for 48 hours or as directed by a veterinarian. Administrer ce mélange, comme indiqué ci-dessous, 3 à 4 fois par jour pendant 48 heures ou selon les directives d'un vétérinaire.
Dominion Veterinary Laboratories guarantees you quality products. Dominion Veterinary Laboratories vous garantit des produits de qualité. For instance, horse medicine, horse supplies, horse drugs, horse medications, horse liniment, horse products, horse supply, horse supplements, cattle supplies, livestock supplies, cattle medicine, cattle prod, cattle feed, and cow supplies. Par exemple, la médecine de cheval, cheval de fournitures, cheval drogues, médicaments cheval, cheval liniment, les produits de cheval, cheval d'approvisionnement, les suppléments de chevaux, bovins fournitures, fournitures de bétail, les bovins médecine, les produits bovins, d'aliments pour bétail, la vache et les fournitures.
Horse supplies- Horses that are not on grain diet tie up because they are hypersensitive to lactic acid or because their particular metabolism does not cope with it efficiently. Horse-Chevaux fournitures qui ne sont pas sur le régime alimentaire de céréales ficeler parce qu'ils présentent une hypersensibilité à l'acide lactique ou parce que leur métabolisme particulier n'a pas à s'acquitter de manière efficace. SIGNS These can vary widely. SIGNES Celles-ci peuvent varier grandement. In mild cases, during or after exercise, the horse steps short in the hindlimbs, giving the appearance of stiffness. Dans les cas bénins, pendant ou après l'exercice, le cheval mesures dans le court hindlimbs, ce qui donne une impression de rigidité. In severe cases, the horse will show stiffness, pain, sweating and muscle tremor. Dans les cas graves, le cheval fera preuve de raideur, la douleur, la transpiration et les tremblements musculaires. The stiffness, involving both the hindlimbs and the frontlimbs, may progress to the point at which the horse cannot move and may lie down. La raideur, impliquant à la fois l'hindlimbs et le frontlimbs, peut évoluer vers le point où le cheval ne peut pas se déplacer et de la possibilité de se coucher. The affected muscles are very hard to the touch, indicating cramp, and the urine may vary in color from dark brown to reddish black, according to the severity of the condition. Les muscles touchés sont très difficiles à toucher, en indiquant crampes, et de l'urine peut varier en couleur du brun foncé au noir rougeâtre, selon la gravité de la situation. TREATMENT Call your veterinarian, who can confirm the condition not only by its history and clinical signs but also by taking a blood count and by doing certain serum enzyme tests. TRAITEMENT Appelez votre vétérinaire, qui peut confirmer l'état non seulement par son histoire et les signes cliniques, mais aussi en prenant une numération formule sanguine et par l'action de certaines enzymes sériques tests. Stop exercising the horse when you notice that it is tying-up. Cesser de l'exercer le cheval lorsque vous remarquez qu'il est attachant-up. In all cases except severe ones, walk the horse for thirty minutes. Dans tous les cas, sauf ceux sévère, le cheval marche pendant trente minutes. If it appears no better, call your veterinarian. S'il semble pas mieux, appelez votre vétérinaire. Walking aids in the circulation of blood to the muscles with consequent removal of lactic acid, thus helping to prevent severe cramping. Aides à la marche de la circulation de sang aux muscles avec pour conséquence la suppression de l'acide lactique, ce qui contribue à prévenir les crampes sévères. Keep the horse warm by seeing that it is well rugged. Gardez le cheval au chaud en voyant qu'il est bien accidenté. Tempt it with fluids containing electrolytes, which, if drunk in any quantity, will help to flush out the kidneys. Allécher avec les fluides contenant des électrolytes, qui, si elle est ivre en n'importe quelle quantité, permettront de débusquer les reins. With the aid of information gained form a blood count, the veterinarian can administer a muscle relaxant, diuretics, tranquillizers and anti-inflammatory agents if required, as well as specially prepared fluids and electrolytes by stomach tube or intravenous methods. Avec l'aide des informations obtenues forment une numération formule sanguine, le vétérinaire peut administrer un relaxant musculaire, des diurétiques, de tranquillisants et d'anti-inflammatoires en cas de besoin, ainsi que préparés spécialement fluides et électrolytes par voie intraveineuse ou par gavage méthodes. All grain should be eliminated from the diet and the horse should be offered a bran mash as a mild laxative. Tous les grains doivent être éliminés de la diète et le cheval devrait bénéficier d'une purée de sons comme un laxatif doux. Horses susceptible to frequent tying-up should have a low-level grain diet. Chevaux sujets à de fréquentes ligature-up doivent avoir un faible niveau de grain alimentation. Normally the grain level in the diet should be in proportion to the amount of work done. Normalement, le niveau de grain dans la ration doit être proportionnelle à la quantité de travail effectué. For example, if any one week a horse works for six days, followed by a day off, reduce the quantity of grain in the feed for that day. Par exemple, si une semaine quelconque travaille un cheval pendant six jours, suivie d'une journée de congé, de réduire la quantité de céréales dans l'alimentation de la journée. Recovery can take place within hours, though in severe cases it may take weeks. La récupération peut avoir lieu dans les heures, mais dans les cas graves, il peut prendre des semaines. Exercise the horse every day, even if it is just walking exercise and consult your veterinarian about the regular use of a particular vitamin supplement as a preventive measure. Exercer le cheval tous les jours, même si elle est juste exercice de la marche et de consulter votre vétérinaire au sujet de l'utilisation régulière d'un supplément vitaminique à titre de mesure préventive. Degenerative Joint Disease, commonly known as bone spavin, is a bony swelling onnthe lower, inner side of the hock, caused by arthritis of the bones in the area. Maladie dégénérative mixte, communément appelée os spavin, est un gonflement onnthe osseuse inférieure, la face interne du jarret, causée par l'arthrite de l'os dans la zone. Some horses with an obvious bone spavin show little or no signs of lameness; others may be very lame but with no signs of swelling. Certains chevaux avec une évidente os spavin montrent peu ou pas de signes de boiterie, d'autres peuvent être très boiteux, mais sans aucun signe de l'enflure. Horses with bone spavin may still be useful, but fluctuating lameness may recur at varying intervals. Chevaux avec os spavin peuvent encore être utiles, mais la fluctuation des boiteries peuvent réapparaître à divers intervalles. When a horse is viewed from behind, a line should bisect the gaskin, hock, cannon, fetlock, pastern and foot. Lorsqu'un cheval est vu de derrière, une ligne devrait découpent le gaskin, jarret, canon, fetlock, paturon et le pied. If the horse's hocks turn inward, the horse is considered cow-hocked. Si les jarrets du cheval repli sur soi, le cheval est considéré comme cow-hocked. When the legs are viewed from the side, a straight line drawn downward from the back of the buttock should touch the back of the hock, cannon and fetlock. Quand les jambes sont regarde de côté, une ligne droite tirée vers le bas de l'arrière de la fesse doit toucher l'arrière du jarret, canons et fetlock. If the horse has too much angle in the hocks, then it is considered to be sickle-hocked. Si le cheval a trop d'angle dans les jarrets, il est alors considéré comme faucille hocked. If the leg is forward of this line and too straight, the horse is considered post-legged. Si la jambe est en avant de cette ligne et trop droites, le cheval est jugé d'après-pattes. CAUSES In many cases, bone spavin is due to poor conformation, such as sickle and cow hocks. CAUSES Dans de nombreux cas, les os spavin est due à une mauvaise conformation, comme la faucille et jarrets de vache. Despite what many people think, the condition is not hereditary. Malgré ce que beaucoup de gens pensent, l'état n'est pas héréditaire. What is inherited is the poor conformation. Qu'est-ce que le pauvre est hérité de conformation. Bone spavins, bogs, thoroughpins and weakness are common among sickle-hocked horses. Bone spavins, tourbières, thoroughpins et la faiblesse sont fréquents chez les chevaux de faucille hocked. The condition can also be caused by stress and strain being placed on the hock because of participation in such activities as polo, calf roping and racing, especially by young horses. La condition peut aussi être causée par le stress et les contraintes étant mis sur le jarret de porc en raison de la participation à des activités telles que la Polo, veau roping et les courses, en particulier par les jeunes chevaux. SIGNS These include a hard, bony enlargement that can be felt and seen in the lower and inner side of the hock. SIGNES s'agit notamment de la difficulté, l'élargissement osseux qui peut être vu et ressenti dans la partie inférieure et la face interne du jarret. Lameness is evident when the horse is cold but often disappears as it warms up with exercise, although in some cases the lameness may worsen. Boiterie est manifeste quand le cheval est souvent froid, mais disparaît comme il réchauffe à l'exercice, bien que dans certains cas, la boiterie peut aggraver. The lameness is characterized by reduced flexion of the hock and a shortening of the stride in the affected leg. La boiterie est caractérisé par une réduction de la flexion du jarret et un raccourcissement de la foulée de la jambe atteinte. TREATMENT Accurate diagnosis is important to determine the severity of the condition, and this in turn will determine the type of treatment. TRAITEMENT Le diagnostic exact est important de déterminer la gravité de l'état, ce qui permettra de déterminer le type de traitement. The diagnosis can only be made by your veterinary surgeon with the aid of X-rays. Le diagnostic ne peut être faite par votre vétérinaire à l'aide de radiographies. Your veterinarian may advise any one of a number of treatments or a combination of them, if necessary. Votre vétérinaire peut conseiller à l'un quelconque d'un certain nombre de traitements, ou une combinaison de ceux-ci, si nécessaire. These treatments include rest in a spelling paddock for a minimum of six weeks and corrective trimming and shoeing. Ces traitements comprennent repos dans une orthographe paddock pour un minimum de six semaines et le parage et corrective shoeing. In the latter treatment, the toe of the foot should be rasped square and a shoe with a raised heel and a rolled square toe should be fitted. Dans ce dernier traitement, de la pointe du pied doit être rasped carrés et une chaussure avec un talon et une soulevées laminés pieds carrés doit être monté. This causes the leg to move in a straight line rather than deviating outwards, thus alleviating strain on the inside of the hock. Ceci provoque la jambe pour le déplacer en ligne droite plutôt que de dévier vers l'extérieur, ce qui allégerait la souche à l'intérieur du jarret. Other treatments are radiation, anti-inflammatory drugs, pin firing and surgery to sever a section of the tendon that runs over the spavin. D'autres traitements sont les radiations, anti-inflammatoires, broche de tir et de la chirurgie pour couper une section du tendon qui tourne sur le spavin. The little yellowish dots on your horse's lips and front legs appear harmless at first, but several months from now those bot fly eggs will have developed into larvae in your horse's stomach. Les petits points jaunes sur les lèvres de votre cheval et des pattes antérieures semblent inoffensifs au début, mais d'ici quelques mois, ces bot fly oeufs aura développé en larves dans l'estomac de votre cheval. Your horse is sure to be infested with bots unless your area is entirely free of flies. Votre cheval est certaine d'être infestés par des bots sauf si votre domaine est totalement exempte de mouches. Bots are the larvae of the Gasterophilus fly. Bots sont les larves de la mouche Gasterophilus. Since these flies can't live through the cold months of winter, they have developed a unique method of ensuring the survival of future generations. Étant donné que ces mouches ne peuvent pas vivre à travers les froids mois d'hiver, ils ont développé une méthode unique d'assurer la survie des générations futures. The small, yellowish flies (which look a little like bees) live only for a week or so as adults, spending most of their lives as immature bots in the horse's stomach. Les petites mouches jaunâtre (qui ressemblent un peu comme les abeilles) ne vivre que pour une semaine ou pour adultes, où ils ont dépensé la majeure partie de leur vie comme immatures robots dans le ventre du cheval. Bot flies start laying their eggs in the spring and summer, with a peak egg-laying period in the fall. Bot mouches commencent leur ponte des œufs au printemps et en été, avec un pic de ponte période à l'automne. The season can extend almost year-round in warmer climates. La saison peut s'étendre presque à longueur d'année dans un climat plus clément. The eggs hatch when the horse rubs or licks his legs with his lips or tongue. Les œufs éclosent lorsque le cheval se lèche ou frotte ses jambes avec sa bouche ou de la langue. Tiny immature larvae latch onto the horse's mouth and burrow into the tissues. Minuscules larves immatures loquet sur la bouche du cheval et creusent dans les tissus. A large infestation may cause tenderness and ulcers throughout your horse's mouth. Une forte infestation peut causer des ulcères et de la tendresse tout au long de votre bouche du cheval. The larvae spend a month or two maturing in the tongue before they emerge and are swallowed. Les larves de passer un ou deux mois de maturation dans la langue avant de leur apparition et sont avalés. Over the next several weeks, they grow and develop into stomach bots. Au cours des prochaines semaines, ils grandissent et se développent dans l'estomac des bots. Bots create deep pits in the stomach wall producing ulcers. Bots créer des fosses profondes dans le mur de produire des ulcères d'estomac. severe cases may cause perforation of the stomach or blockage of its outflow into the small intestine. Les cas graves peuvent causer la perforation de l'estomac ou du blocage de ses sorties dans l'intestin grêle. Bots can live attached to the stomach wall for up to a year before finally release their hold and are expelled in the manure. Bots peuvent vivre attachée à la paroi de l'estomac pour un an maximum avant de libérer leur emprise et sont expulsés dans le fumier. They spend another month or two on the ground and then hatch into adult bot flies. Ils passent un mois ou deux sur le terrain et puis éclore en bot mouches adultes. There is no simple way to diagnose bot infestation. Il n'ya pas de façon simple de diagnostiquer bot infestation. You can assume that horses with eggs on their legs and face are infested with bots. On peut supposer que les chevaux avec des oeufs sur les jambes et le visage sont infestés de robots. A bot treatment has traditionally been recommended after the first killing frost each year, when all adult flies have died. Un bot traitement a traditionnellement été recommandée après la première gelée meurtrière de chaque année, lorsque toutes les mouches adultes sont morts. While this advice is well taken, you are leaving your horse open to infestation the rest of the year if you don't treat more often. Même si cet avis est bien pris, vous quittez votre cheval ouverte à l'infestation du reste de l'année si vous ne traitez pas plus souvent. Bot flies begin to deposit their eggs in early spring. Bot mouches commencent à déposer leurs oeufs au début du printemps. Studies show that the highest average number of bot larvae per infected stomach occurred in the winter and spring with about 44-94 percent infection rate. Les études montrent que le plus grand nombre moyen de larves par bot infectés estomac a eu lieu dans l'hiver et le printemps avec environ 44-94 pour cent le taux d'infection. If you don't use a boticide (bot treatment) until November, you're leaving bots in your horse's stomach all summer long. Si vous n'utilisez pas une boticide (bot traitement) jusqu'en novembre, vous ne robots dans l'estomac de votre cheval tout au long de l'été. Treatments in spring, summer , and fall are a good idea. Traitements au printemps, en été, et l'automne sont une bonne idée. The organophosphates and invermectin kill both bots at the tongue-migrating stage and bots in the stomach. Les organophosphorés et invermectin tuer des bots à la fois la langue et le stade de la migration-robots dans l'estomac. Fly control is as important as regular bot treatments. Lutte contre les mouches est tout aussi importante que les traitements réguliers bot. Since fecal piles of the horse are used as the mating site for the newly hatched flies, regular manure cleanup will keep any hatching bot flies away from your horse. Depuis fécale pieux du cheval sont utilisés comme site de l'accouplement nouvellement écloses mouches, le nettoyage régulier du fumier gardera toute éclosion bot vole loin de votre cheval. Remember to shave the eggs of your horse's hair after your last bot treatment in the fall. N'oubliez pas de raser les œufs de votre cheval, les cheveux après votre dernière bot traitement à l'automne. Several products provide feed-through fly control. Plusieurs produits permettent d'alimentation à travers la lutte contre les mouches. These products contain low levels of organophosphates, which remove the bots from the horse's stomach. Ces produits contiennent de faibles niveaux d'organophosphorés, qui enlèves les robots de l'estomac du cheval. The drug persists in the manure, killing the larvae of flies that lay eggs in compost. Les drogues persiste dans le fumier, tuant les larves de mouches qui pondent des oeufs dans le compost. The low levels of drug in feed-through products may not be enough to remove all the bots from your horse. Le faible niveau de la drogue dans les aliments pour animaux-par le biais des produits n'est peut-être pas suffisante pour éliminer tous les robots de votre cheval. If you're using a feed-through products regularly, be aware that you may overdose your horse by deworming him with organophosphates paste or tube product. Si vous utilisez une alimentation par le biais des produits régulièrement, sachez que vous pouvez surdosage son cheval en lui avec le déparasitage des organophosphorés ou un tube de pâte produit. Also be sure you're environmentally responsible in the disposal of manure that contains chemicals. Aussi assurez-vous que vous êtes respectueux de l'environnement dans l'évacuation du fumier contenant des produits chimiques. You should not take bot infestation lightly. Vous ne devez pas prendre bot infestation légère. There has been reported a case of septic peritonitis due to bot infestation. Il a été rapporté un cas de péritonite septique à cause de l'infestation bot. The larva was embedded deep in the horse's colon which eventually caused perforation of the colon and leakage of intestinal content into the gut. La larve est profondément ancrée dans le cheval du côlon qui a finalement provoqué la perforation du colon et de la fuite de contenu intestinal dans l'intestin. The horse developed acute colic and fever and was euthanatized. Le cheval développés coliques aiguës et de la fièvre et était euthanatized. Botulism is caused by the toxin Clostridium botulinum. Le botulisme est causé par la toxine Clostridium botulinum. Horses are among the most susceptible species. Les chevaux sont parmi les espèces les plus sensibles. The toxin may be produced in food, such as silage or vaccum-packed moist hay, which has been contaminated by decaying matter containing the organism. La toxine peut être produite dans les aliments, tels que le vaccum-ensilage ou de foin humide, emballés, qui a été contaminé par la décomposition de la matière contenant de l'organisme. Also known as "Shaker foal" disease, the toxicoinfectious form of botulism affects foals, with the highest incidence in the United States seen in Kentucky and the mid-Atlantic region. Également connu sous le nom de «poulain Shaker" maladie, la forme de botulisme toxicoinfectious affecte poulains, avec l'incidence la plus élevée aux États-Unis dans le Kentucky et de la région mi-atlantique. Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming anaerobic bacterium which reproduces in decaying animal or plant matter. Clostridium botulinum est une spore formant bactérie anaérobie qui reproduit dans la décomposition des animaux ou des végétaux. Under favorable conditions of warmth and humidity spores multiply and produce a highly lethal toxin. Dans des conditions favorables de chaleur et d'humidité spores se multiplier et produire une toxine mortelle. There are at least 7 different toxin types. Il ya au moins 7 différents types de toxine. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by spore-forming anaerobic Clostridium botulinum, are the most toxic substances known. Neurotoxines botulique (BoNTs), produite par les spores de Clostridium botulinum formant anaérobie, les substances les plus toxiques connues. Ingestion of preformed toxin is the major route of infection in adults. L'ingestion de la toxine préformée est la principale voie d'infection chez les adultes. SIGNS The rapidity of onset, i addition to severity of clinical signs, is toxin dose related. SIGNES La rapidité d'apparition, i plus de la sévérité des signes cliniques, est reliée à la dose de toxine. Affected foals are usually less than 8 months and often less than 2 months old. Visé poulains sont habituellement de moins de 8 mois et souvent moins de 2 mois. Signs include impaired sucking, inability to swallow, decreased eyelid and tail tone and dilated pupils. Les signes comprennent altérée sucer, incapacité à avaler, une diminution de la paupière et de la queue ton et dilatation des pupilles. There is progressive muscular weakness and tremors, leading to collapse and inability to rise. Il ya une faiblesse musculaire progressive et tremblements, ce qui conduit à l'effondrement et de l'impossibilité d'augmenter. Muscle tremors over the shoulders and flanks are evident. Tremblements musculaires sur les épaules et les flancs sont évidents. Saliva drools from the mouth. Drools salive de la bouche. The gait is weak, shuffling and unsteady. La démarche est faible, instable et mélanger. Death results from respiratory paralysis within 24 to 72 hours of the onset of clinical signs. Décès résulte d'une paralysie respiratoire dans un délai de 24 à 72 heures suivant l'apparition des signes cliniques. TREATMENT Equine antitoxin (pentavalent vaccine against AE toxin types) can only target the toxins at extracellular level, and can not reverse the paralysis caused by botulism. TRAITEMENT Equine antitoxine (vaccin pentavalent contre la toxine de type AE) peuvent uniquement cibler les toxines au niveau extracellulaire, et ne peuvent pas inverser la paralysie causée par le botulisme. Intensive care is often difficult to provide and always expensive in the face of a guarded to poor prognosis. Soins intensifs est souvent difficile à fournir et toujours cher dans le visage d'un gardé à un mauvais pronostic. Treatment often is unrewarding unless a case is identified early and the proper antitoxin is readily available. Le traitement est souvent ingrate, sauf si un cas est identifié rapidement et au bon antitoxine est facilement disponible. PREVENTION Prevention involves common sense approaches to feeding and care of the horse and, where possible, judicious use of vaccination in endemic areas. PRÉVENTION La prévention nécessite des approches de bon sens à l'alimentation et les soins du cheval et, si possible, l'utilisation judicieuse de la vaccination dans les zones d'endémie. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), also known as heaves, broken wind, alveolar emphysema and equine asthma, is a chronic respiratory condition caused by development of a narrow airway in the horse's lungs. Maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC), également connu sous le nom de heaves, brisé le vent, l'emphysème alvéolaire et équine de l'asthme est une affection respiratoire chronique causée par la mise en place d'une étroitesse des voies respiratoires dans les poumons du cheval. It is caused by an allergic reaction to fungal infections. Elle est causée par une réaction allergique à des infections fongiques. The condition is mostly seen in stabled horses and is associated with a dusty atmosphere and mold in hay and straw. La condition est le plus souvent vu dans l'écurie de chevaux et est associé à une atmosphère de poussière et de moisissures dans le foin et la paille. Micropolyspora faeni (which causes farmer's lung in man and cattle) and Aspergillus fumigatus fungus appear to be the cause of COPD in most cases. Micropolyspora faeni (qui cause le poumon du fermier dans l'homme et le bétail) et de champignon Aspergillus fumigatus semblent être la cause de la MPOC dans la plupart des cas. Symptoms--The disease affects horses of two years old and above, becoming more common as horses get older. Symptômes - La maladie affecte les chevaux de deux ans et au-dessus, de plus en plus fréquent que les chevaux plus âgés. Early signs may include mild cough, slight increase in respiratory rate and effort, thick yellow mucous. Les premiers signes peuvent inclure toux bénigne, la légère augmentation de la fréquence respiratoire et de l'effort, de mucus épais jaune. heaves-affected horses have normal temperature and appetite. Heaves touchés chevaux ont une température normale et l'appétit. An affected horse may show signs as rapidly as one hour after exposure, with the horse becoming increasingly breathless. Un cheval touchés peuvent montrer des signes aussi rapidement que une heure après l'exposition, avec le cheval devient de plus en plus essoufflé. Removal of the offending material allows most cases to improve gradually over a few days. Suppression du matériel incriminé la plupart des cas, permet d'améliorer progressivement sur une période de quelques jours. The allergic reaction brings about serious changes in the lungs. La réaction allergique provoque des changements importants dans les poumons. These include inflammation of the very small airways, production of excessive, thick mucous and spasm of the airways which may result in their complete collapse. Il s'agit notamment de l'inflammation des voies respiratoires très petit, la production excessive, mucus épais et spasmes des voies respiratoires qui peut conduire à leur effondrement total. This makes exhalation difficult and an increased volume of air is retained in the lungs which have an overinflated appearance. Cela rend difficile exhalaison et un accroissement du volume d'air est retenu dans les poumons, qui ont une apparence overinflated. The changes in the lungs are reversible with a proper care, but once a horse becomes affected with heaves, it remains hypersensitive for many years if not for life. Les changements dans les poumons sont réversibles avec des soins appropriés, mais une fois que le cheval est touché avec heaves, elle demeure hypersensible pendant de nombreuses années, sinon pour la vie. Treatment and Prevention--The most important thing in treating heaves-affected horse is to provide minimum-dust environment together with medical therapy, if necessary. Traitement et Prévention - La chose la plus importante dans le traitement heaves touchés cheval est de fournir minimum-environnement poussières avec une thérapie médicale, le cas échéant. Use substitues for hay and straw. Utilisez substitues pour le foin et la paille. Bedding should be changed on a daily basis. Literie doit être changée tous les jours. The stable should be at least at least 70 yards to the windward side of the hay store, according to the direction of the prevailing wind. La stabilité devrait être au moins au moins 70 verges au vent à côté du magasin de foin, selon la direction du vent dominant. Dust should be removed from the stables on a regular basis. Les poussières devraient être éliminées par les écuries sur une base régulière. The alternative method of environmental control is to keep COPD-affected horses at grass. L'autre méthode de contrôle de l'environnement est de garder la MPOC touchés chevaux à l'herbe. No supplementary hay should be fed and grazing areas should not be near to hay or straw stores. Aucun supplémentaires doivent être nourris de foin et de zones de pâturage ne doit pas être à proximité de magasins de foin ou de paille. Any supplementary feeding should be in the form of a cubed diet, as even good-quality hay and straw . Toute l'alimentation complémentaire doit être sous la forme d'une alimentation en cubes, car même de bonne qualité du foin et de paille. Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs and confirmed on bacteriological culture, since the presence of swollen lymph nodes under the jaw can indicate many other respiratory diseases (EHV-1 infection etc.) Recent findings suggest that S. equi meningoencephalomyelitis should be considered for foals with neurologic signs that have a history of strangles or exposure to affected horses. Le diagnostic est fait en fonction des signes cliniques et sur les armes bactériologiques ont confirmé la culture, car la présence de l'inflammation des ganglions lymphatiques sous la mâchoire peut indiquer un grand nombre d'autres maladies respiratoires (HVE-1 infection…) Des résultats récents suggèrent que S. equi meningoencephalomyelitis devrait être envisagée pour les poulains Avec des signes neurologiques qui ont une histoire de la gourme ou l'exposition à des chevaux affectés. Treatment--The nostrils should be cleaned, hot pads applied to the swelling, and soft, easily swallowed feed provided. Traitement - Les narines doivent être nettoyés, hot pads appliquée à l'enflure, et doux, facilement avalé alimentation fourni. Strict hygienic measures should be observed as the organism can be transmitted on hands and clothes. Strictes mesures d'hygiène doivent être respectées en tant que l'organisme peut être transmis sur les mains et les vêtements. Treatment of choice is administration of potassium penicillin and fluids. Le traitement de choix est l'administration de potassium de la pénicilline et des fluides. Antibiotics are used in severe cases, particularly when the infection spreads to lungs and abdomen. Les antibiotiques sont utilisés dans les cas graves, en particulier lorsque l'infection se propage aux poumons et l'abdomen. Prevention is possible. La prévention est possible. In a closed herd situation, new arrivals should be isolated for 2 weeks. Dans un troupeau fermé situation, les nouveaux arrivants doivent être isolés pendant 2 semaines. Since the organism can be shed from draining abcesses for up to 4 weeks and can remain viable for another month or longer, affected horses should be isolated. Depuis l'organisme peut être délesté de drainage abcesses pour un maximum de 4 semaines et peut rester viable pour un mois ou plus longtemps, les chevaux affectés devraient être isolés. In-contact animals should be quarantined and observed for signs. Au contact des animaux doivent être mis en quarantaine et de rechercher les signes. However, current antibiotic therapy is often ineffective and thus recent attention has focused on vaccine development. Toutefois, un traitement antibiotique courant est souvent inefficace et donc de l'attention récente s'est concentrée sur le développement de vaccins. Traditional stringhalt is a poorly understood condition in which the horse hyperflexes one or both hocks. Stringhalt traditionnel est mal compris, état dans lequel le cheval hyperflexes l'un ou les deux jarrets. It usually occurs in adult horses, is gradual in onset, and be slowly progressive. Elle survient habituellement dans les chevaux adultes, est débute progressivement et lentement progressive. The majority of horses recover completely, but a few deteriorate progressively. La majorité des chevaux de remettre complètement, mais quelques-uns se détériorer progressivement. The condition may be caused by ingestion of a plant toxin. La condition peut être provoquée par l'ingestion d'une toxine végétale. Signs The horse exaggeratedly flexes one or both hind limbs when in motion. Le cheval signes exagérément fléchit un ou des deux pattes arrière lorsqu'elle est en mouvement. The abnormality is sometimes evident at all paces, but it is usually most apparent at walk, especially if the horse is turned or backed, and may disappear at trot. L'anomalie est parfois évidente à tous les rythmes, mais il est habituellement plus apparente à marcher, surtout si le cheval est activé ou soutenue, et risquent de disparaître au trot. The condition may be intermittent and remain static or deteriorate. La condition peut être intermittente et restera la même ou se détériorer. Treatment Most often, the cause of the condition is unknown. Traitement Le plus souvent, la cause de cette affection est inconnue. Some horses are successfully treated by the removal of a piece of the lateral digital extensor tendon at the level of the hock. Certains chevaux sont traités avec succès par l'enlèvement d'un morceau de l'extensor tendon latéral numérique au niveau du jarret. Prognosis Unless the gait abnormality is extremely severe, affected horses are usually able to perform adequately, including jumping, but are unsuitable fro dressage. A moins que le pronostic de démarche est extrêmement grave anomalie, les chevaux sont généralement touchés en mesure de s'acquitter convenablement, y compris le saut, mais ne sont pas adaptées fro dressage. A guarded to fair prognosis is warranted after surgery. Un gardé à juste pronostic est justifiée après la chirurgie. Some horses improve initially but subsequently relapse. Certains chevaux au départ mais ensuite améliorer la rechute. Sometimes stringhalt may develop a complication following trauma to the dorsal metatarsal region. Parfois stringhalt peuvent développer une complication à la suite d'un trauma métatarsien région dorsale. Potential causes include tendon injury that result in abnormal flexion of the tarsocrural joint. Causes potentielles comprennent blessure au tendon qui se traduisent par des anomalies tarsocrural flexion de la commune. Horses may develop stringhalt within 3 months after injury. Chevaux stringhalt peut se développer dans les 3 mois après la blessure. They can be treated with exercise, including daily hand-walking with pasture turnout, followed by lunging; or surgically, using lateral digital extensor myotenectomy. Elles peuvent être traitées à l'exercice, y compris la main-marche quotidienne avec le taux de pâturage, suivie par fente, ou une intervention chirurgicale, en utilisant des extenseurs myotenectomy latéral numérique. Of the horses treated with exercise, some may have resolution of stringhalt. Des chevaux traités avec l'exercice, certains peuvent avoir de résolution stringhalt. Horses treated surgically have varying degrees of improvement, or no change. Les chevaux traités chirurgicalement ont divers degrés de perfectionnement, ou pas de changement. Strongyles are species of most damaging internal parasites. Strongles sont des espèces de parasites internes les plus dommageables. Strongyles, are divided into two groups, called the large strongyles and the small strongyles. Strongles, sont divisés en deux groupes, dits les grands strongles et les petits strongles. The harmful effects of large strongyles are much greater than of the small ones. Les effets nocifs des grands strongles sont beaucoup plus élevés que les petites. The larvae of large strongyles damage blood vessels, while the larvae of small strongyles remains in the wall of the gut. Les larves de strongles gros dégâts des vaisseaux sanguins, tandis que les petites larves de strongles reste dans la paroi de l'intestin. A horse gets infected by ingesting larvae present in grass and forage. Un cheval est infecté en ingérant les larves présentes dans l'herbe et le fourrage. Large Strongyles (Bloodworms). Large Strongyles (Bloodworms). One of the three species, Strongyle vulgaris, is the most harmful because its larvae enter the arteries, creates blood clots which block small vessels. Un des trois espèces, Strongyle vulgaris, est le plus dommageable, car ses larves entrer les artères, crée des caillots sanguins qui bloquent les petits vaisseaux. This destroys part of the blood supply to bowels and other digestive organs. , Ce qui détruit une partie de l'approvisionnement en sang à l'intestin et d'autres organes digestifs. The larvae live in the arteries for about 5 months, then return to the intestine and develop into adult worms, where they attach to the wall of the bowel. Les larves vivent dans les artères pendant environ 5 mois, puis revenir à l'intestin et deviennent des vers adultes, où qu'ils attachent à la paroi de l'intestin. A heavy infection can cause severe anemia Small Strongyles. Une forte infection peut provoquer une anémie grave Petites Strongyles. Small strongyles are the most common internal parasites in adult horses and occur frequently in foals. Petits strongles sont les plus courants parasites internes chez les adultes et les chevaux se produisent fréquemment dans les poulains. Larvae produce colic, bleeding and anemia, protein loss, and intestinal malabsorption. Les larves se produire coliques, saignements et anémie, la perte de protéines et de malabsorption intestinale. PREVENTION OF STRONGYLES. Prévention des strongles. Control of strongyles is most important in all deworming programs. Contrôle des strongles est le plus important dans tous les programmes de déparasitage. Since the arterial worms are not killed by most dewormers(except for ivermectin), it is extremely important to eliminate the larvae at early stages. Depuis le artérielle vers ne sont pas tués par la plupart des vermifuges (à l'exception de l'ivermectine), il est extrêmement important d'éliminer les larves à un stade précoce. An occasional treatment does not offer protection and will not prevent the potentially devastating consequences of these parasites. À l'occasion, le traitement n'offre pas de protection et ne saurait empêcher les conséquences potentiellement dévastatrices de ces parasites. Most veterinary experts recommend the inclusion of ivermectin in all deworming programs. La plupart des experts vétérinaires de recommander l'inscription de l'ivermectine dans tous les programmes de déparasitage. The summer pneumonia (rattles) usually affects foals aged 2 to 6 months. L'été, la pneumonie (hochets) affecte habituellement les poulains âgés de 2 à 6 mois. The respiratory problem is the most common disorder although there may be alimentary tract involvement. Le problème respiratoire est le plus fréquent des troubles bien qu'il puisse y avoir digestif implication. Abscesses form in the lungs accompanied by progressive signs of pneumonia. Abcès se forment dans les poumons progressif accompagné de signes de pneumonie. The disease is caused by Rhodococcus equi bacteria (previously known as Corynebacterium equi) that gains entry to the body through inhalation or ingestion. La maladie est causée par la bactérie Rhodococcus equi (précédemment connu sous le nom de Corynebacterium equi) que les gains d'entrée dans l'organisme par inhalation ou ingestion. SIGNS Foals rarely show definitive signs until abscesses and bronchopneumonia are well established. SIGNES poulains rarement définitives signes montrent que la broncho-pneumonie et les abcès sont bien établies. Signs include rapid and labored breathing, cough, nasal discharge, a persistent, slightly elevated temperature, poor appetite and weight loss as the disease progresses. Les signes comprennent rapide et difficultés respiratoires, toux, écoulement nasal, une persistante, légèrement température élevée, manque d'appétit et perte de poids que la maladie progresse. The prognosis may be grave in cases with multiple lung abscesses and particularly if the abdomen is involved. Le pronostic peut être grave dans les affaires avec de multiples abcès pulmonaires et en particulier si l'abdomen est impliquée. TREATMENT Rhodococcus equi is an intracellular organism which provokes an inflammatory reaction. TRAITEMENT Rhodococcus equi intracellulaire est un organisme qui provoque une réaction inflammatoire. Although the organism is sensitive to several antibiotics and a combination of them have proved successful in some cases, treatment is difficult. Bien que l'organisme est sensible à plusieurs antibiotiques et d'une combinaison de celles-ci se sont révélées efficaces dans certains cas, le traitement est difficile. Affected foals need prolonged treatment because of the persistence of the bacteria within abscesses in the lung and because immunity to lung infection is poor, the disease tends to recur. Visé poulains nécessité un traitement prolongé en raison de la persistance de la bactérie dans les abcès dans le poumon et parce que l'immunité à l'infection pulmonaire est pauvre, la maladie tend à se reproduire. The combination of erythromycin and rifampicin have improved the survival of foals infected with R. equi; however, erythromycin can cause adverse reactions in foals and mares, which has prompted the search for alternative therapies. La combinaison de l'érythromycine et la rifampicine ont amélioré la survie des poulains infectés avec R. equi, mais l'érythromycine peut causer des réactions indésirables chez les juments et les poulains, ce qui a incité la recherche d'alternatives thérapeutiques. PREVENTION Rhodococcus equi is a robust soil organism widespread in the environment. PRÉVENTION Rhodococcus equi est un organisme robuste sol très répandue dans l'environnement. The organism will potentially multiply wherever there is horse manure. L'organisme va potentiellement multiplier partout où il ya du fumier de cheval. Because the organism reaches the lung by inhalation, dusty manure-contaminated environments (such as are commonly found in loafing paddocks on horse breeding farms in the summer) are potentially lethal sources of infection. Parce que l'organisme atteint les poumons par inhalation de poussière contaminée par du fumier environnements (comme sont fréquents dans les paddocks loafing sur les fermes d'élevage de chevaux à l'été), sont potentiellement létales sources d'infection. It is also important to ensure that loafing paddocks are well grassed, and not totally grazed, reducing them to dusty sandpits.. Il est également important de veiller à ce que loafing paddocks sont bien gazonnées, et pas totalement pâturées, les réduisant en poussière sandpits ..
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Upper Respiratory Tract Abnormalities Laryngeal hemiplegia (LHP, also known as ‘Roarers’), Laryngopalatal dislocation (DDSP or Displaced soft palate), epiglottic entrapment (EE), abnormal alar folds (false nostril noise) and persistent lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) are the most common conditions causing dynamic upper respiratory tract obstruction resulting in poor performance in horses. Upper Respiratory Tract Abnormalities larynx hémiplégie (LHP, aussi connu comme 'Roarers'), la dislocation Laryngopalatal (DDSP déplacées ou voile du palais), epiglottic piégeages (EE), les anomalies alar plis (fausse narine bruit) et persistantes hyperplasie lymphoïde (PLH) sont les La plupart des conditions communes dynamiques causant une obstruction des voies respiratoires supérieures résultant de mauvaises performances chez les chevaux. Examination of the horseCareful examination of the horse’s upper respiratory tract by endoscopy, assessment of respiratory noise made by the horse, either by observation on the racetrack or treadmill, thorough questioning of the rider as to the sequence of either loss of performance or commencement of any respiratory noise, are all important for a full clinical assessment.Almost all yearlings scoped for yearling sales exhibit some lymphoid hyperplasia. L'examen de l'examen de la horseCareful du cheval voies respiratoires supérieures, par endoscopie, l'évaluation de respiratoire bruit provoqué par le cheval, que ce soit par l'observation sur le circuit ou sur tapis roulant, l'interrogatoire approfondi de l'avenant à la séquence de l'une perte de performance ou de commencement De tout bruit respiratoire, sont tous des éléments importants pour une clinique assessment.Almost tous yearlings scope yearling ventes pour exposer certains hyperplasie lymphoïde. Its persistence beyond the breaking in period, early training and early 2-year-old racing, affects the young horse and may lead to the further development of soft palate problems.False nostril noise is common and not considered significant unless associated with poor performance. Sa persistance au-delà de la rupture dans la période, au début de la formation et du début du 2-year-old course, affecte le jeune cheval et peut conduire à la poursuite du développement du palais mou problems.False narine bruit est constant et pas considérés comme significatifs, sauf associé à faible performance. Surgery is indicated if positive improvement occurs with false nostril tie back. La chirurgie est indiquée si elle est positive, l'amélioration se produit avec de faux narine cravate dos. Recently, the use of stick-on nose bands appears to alleviate this problem. Récemment, l'utilisation de bâton sur le nez des bandes semble atténuer ce problème. Inspiratory noisesInspiratory noises are associated with mechanical or functional interference to the upper airway, for example chondritis (inflammatory changes to the throat cartilages), and narrowing of the larynx (LHP). Inspiratoire noisesInspiratory bruits sont associés à la mécanique ou fonctionnelle à l'ingérence des voies respiratoires supérieures, par exemple chondritis (inflammation de la gorge cartilages), et le rétrécissement du larynx (LHP). ‘Whistling’ or ‘roaring’ noises are heard on inspiration only, during fast exercise. 'Whistling' ou 'rugissement' bruits sont entendus sur l'inspiration que, au cours de l'exercice rapide. Surgery can improve these conditions. La chirurgie peut améliorer ces conditions. Expiratory noises Expiratory noises, or gurgling sounds, can be very inconsistent but are most frequently associated with entrapped epiglottis (EE) and laryngo-palatal dislocation (dorsal displacement of the soft palate or DDSP). Expiratoire bruits expiratoire bruits, les sons ou les gargouillis, peuvent être très incohérent, mais sont le plus fréquemment associés à piégées épiglotte (EE) et laryngo-palatale dislocation (dorsale déplacement du palais mou ou DDSP). These are difficult problems with subtle subclinical variations and evaluations should include the use of figure 8 head stall (drop over nose bands), tongue tie and careful assessment of noise character, and any changes of noise associated with changes in head carriage. Ce sont des problèmes difficiles avec des variations subtiles subclinique et les évaluations devraient inclure l'utilisation de la figure 8 chef de décrochage (drop nez sur bandes), de la langue cravate et une évaluation minutieuse des bruits caractère, et tout changement de bruit lié à des changements dans la tête de transport. Treadmill evaluation improves diagnostic assessment. Treadmill évaluation améliore évaluation diagnostique. Surgery is at best 50% successful. La chirurgie est, au mieux, 50% de réussite. Most recent scientific research indicates that DDSP (soft palate problems) are related to inflammatory (infectious) changes within the inside walls of the guttural pouches. La plupart des recherches scientifiques récentes indiquent que DDSP (palais mou problèmes) sont liés à des inflammatoire (maladies infectieuses) les changements dans les murs intérieurs du guttural sachets. Surgical correction Surgical correction of LHP, DDSP and EE must initially be evaluated on the degree of noise, level of fatigue and poor performance, previous racing performance, the economic status of both horse and owner, and the presence of other factors, such as leg lameness. Correction chirurgicale de correction chirurgicale de LHP, DDSP et EE doivent d'abord être évalués sur la mesure du bruit, le niveau de fatigue et de mauvaise performance, le rendement des courses précédentes, la situation économique à la fois le cheval et le propriétaire, et la présence d'autres facteurs, comme la jambe Boiterie. Other upper airway conditions Other less common conditions occur. Autres voies aériennes supérieures, des conditions autres affections sont moins courantes. Deviation of nasal septum is diagnosed on endoscopic examination; surgical correction often leaves high residual noise levels. Déviation de la cloison nasale est diagnostiquée à l'examen endoscopique; correction chirurgicale laisse souvent des niveaux élevés de bruit résiduel. Sub-epiglottic cysts, cleft palate, guttural pouch infection, hypoplastic epiglottis and arytenoid chondritis all reduce the horse’s ability to accommodate high rate airflow and therefore lower performance. Sous-epiglottic kystes, des fentes palatines, guttural pouch infection, hypoplasie de l'épiglotte et arytenoid chondritis pour effet de réduire l'aptitude du cheval à accueillir taux élevé du débit d'air et donc moins bonnes performances. Diagnosis of upper airway conditions The use of standard exercise testing by means of high-speed treadmills, simultaneous examination of dynamic airway function by endoscopic examination, as well as radiographic evaluation of the epiglottis, nasal passage and assessment of septal deviation are all becoming essential for the diagnosis of upper airway dysfunction. Diagnostic des voies aériennes supérieures, des conditions L'utilisation de la norme de preuve au moyen d'essais à grande vitesse tapis, l'examen simultané des fonctions dynamiques des voies aériennes par un examen endoscopique, ainsi que l'évaluation radiographique de l'épiglotte, le passage nasal et de l'évaluation de déviation septale sont tous essentiels pour devenir Le diagnostic de dysfonction des voies respiratoires supérieures.
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